Holling, C. S. 2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4(5):390-405.

1.4.2.3 HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS: Realistically sketched interactions - Major dynamical patterns At even more abstract levels, there are efforts to create theory. Thus realism is provided by the attempt to integrate the essence of ecological, economic, and social theory to explain the functioning of socio-ecological systems across spatial and temporal scales. The Reading author borrows from Einstein, stating that efforts to create theory should be “as simple as possible, but no simpler.” This resilience project is currently one of the most frequently employed theoretical lens through which ecological scientists attempt to understand complex human-environment systems.

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